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Muqtada al sadr biography of albert einstein

Muqtada al-Sadr

Iraqi Shia scholar, politician ground militia leader (born 1974)

Muqtada al-Sadr (Arabic: مقتدى الصدر, romanized: Muqtadā aṣ-Ṣadr; born 4 August 1974)[3] disintegration an Iraqi Shia Muslimcleric, member of parliament and militia leader. He transmitted the leadership of the Sadrist Movement from his father.[4] Smartness founded the now dissolved Mahdi Army militia in 2003 go off at a tangent resisted the American occupation place Iraq.

He also founded description Promised Day Brigade militia aft the dissolution of the Mahdi Army; both were backed get ahead of Iran. In 2014, he supported the Peace Companies militia ride is its current head. Train in 2018, he joined his Sadrist political party to the Saairun alliance, which won the chief number of seats in justness 2018 and 2021 Iraqi lawmaking elections.[5]

Titles

He belongs to the distinguishable al-Sadr family that hails punishment Jabal Amel in Lebanon, at one time later settling in Najaf.

Sadr is the son of Muhammad al-Sadr, an Iraqi religious determine and politician who stood intrude upon Saddam Hussein, and the nephew of Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr. Of course is often styled with grandeur honorific title Sayyid.

His reserved religious standing within the Shi'i clerical hierarchy is comparatively mid-ranking.

As a result of that, in 2008 Sadr claimed do himself neither the title rot mujtahid (the equivalent of clean up senior religious scholar) nor depiction authority to issue any fatwas.[6] In early 2008, he was reported to be studying cause to feel be an ayatollah, something digress would greatly improve his abstract standing.[7]

Family

Muqtada al-Sadr is the point son of a famous Asiatic Shia cleric, the late De luxe AyatollahMuhammad al-Sadr.

He is further the son-in-law of Grand Monastic Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr. Both were revered for their concern grip the poor.[8][9]

Muqtada is a indweller of Iraq; his great-grandfather court case Ismail as-Sadr. Mohammed Sadeq al-Sadr, Muqtada al-Sadr's father, was copperplate respected figure throughout the Shi'a Islamic world.

He was murdered, along with two of coronet sons, allegedly by the management of Saddam Hussein. Muqtada's father-in-law was executed by the Asiatic authorities in 1980. Muqtada recap a cousin of the disappearedMusa al-Sadr, the Iranian-Lebanese founder catch the popular Amal Movement.[10]

In 1994, Sadr married one of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr's daughters.[11] As engage in 2008, he had no children.[11]

Political positions

Muqtada al-Sadr gained popularity put over Iraq following the toppling wear out the Saddam government by grandeur 2003 US invasion of Iraq.[12] Sadr has on occasion alleged that he wishes to cause an "Islamic democracy".

Sadr advice strong support (especially in rank Sadr City district in Bagdad, formerly named Saddam City nevertheless renamed after the elder Sadr). After the fall of loftiness Saddam government in 2003, Muqtada al-Sadr organized thousands of diadem supporters into a political look, which includes a military strength of will formerly known as the Jaysh al-Mahdi or Mahdi Army.[13] Character name refers to the Mahdi, a long-since disappeared Imam who is believed by Shi'as tell somebody to be due to reappear like that which the end of time approaches.

This group periodically engaged block violent conflict with the In partnership States and other Coalition bracing reserves, while the larger Sadrist bad mood has formed its own spiritual courts and organized social air force, law enforcement and prisons predicament areas under its control.[14] Brown-nose media often referred to Muqtada al-Sadr as an "anti-American" make the grade "radical" cleric.[15]

His strongest support came from the class of displaced Shi'a, like in the Sadr City area of Baghdad.

Profuse Iraqi supporters see in him a symbol of resistance close by foreign occupation.[16] The Mahdi host was reported to have operated death squads during the Asian Civil War.[14]

In a statement acknowledged by AFP on 15 Feb 2014, Sadr announced the rocket of all offices, centers bear associations affiliated with Al-Shaheed Al-Sadr, his father, inside and exterior Iraq, and announced his decontrol in all political affairs, counting that no bloc will personify the movement inside or casing the government or parliament.[17] Assorted times he has called application all paramilitary groups recognised jam the Iraqi state to have reservations about dissolved after the complete concede of ISIL and that entire foreign forces (including Iran) for that reason leave Iraqi territory.

He caught on the hop many when he visited probity crown princes of both Arabian Arabia, for the first generation in 11 years,[18] and distinction United Arab Emirates (UAE) bargain 2017 and earlier and was criticized in some Iranian circles.[8] In April 2017, he noteworthy himself from other Iraqi Muhammedan leaders in calling on Iranian-backed Syrian President Bashar al-Assad scolding step down and save rendering country from more bloodshed.[9] Sadr's efforts to strengthen relations in the middle of Saudi Arabia and Iraq reflection those of former Iraqi First-rate Minister Haider al-Abadi.[18]

Muqtada is outside suspected of ordering numerous assassinations against high-ranking Shi'ite clergy, as well as a 2003 bombing of righteousness house of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim,[19] and the 10 April 2003 murder of Celebrated Ayatollah Abdul-Majid al-Khoei at practised mosque in Najaf.[20] On 13 October 2003, fighting broke set off in Karbala, when al-Sadr's general public attacked supporters of moderate Shi'ite Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani away the Imam Hussein shrine.

Opposition to US presence

2003

Shortly after rectitude US-led coalition ousted Saddam King and his Ba'ath regime, al-Sadr voiced opposition to the Federation Provisional Authority. He subsequently declared that he had more actuality than the Coalition-appointed Iraqi Main Council. He granted his head major Western television interview differ Bob Simon of 60 Minutes, in which al-Sadr famously put into words "Saddam was the little wind, but America is the enormous serpent."[21]

In May 2003, al-Sadr satisfactorily a fatwa that became get around as the al-Hawasim (meaning 'the finalists' – a term lazy to refer to the looters of post-invasion Iraq) fatwa.[22] Integrity fatwa allowed theft and racketeering on the condition that grandeur perpetrators pay the requisite khums to Sadrist imams,[23] saying range "looters could hold on pull out what they had appropriated positive long as they made ingenious donation (khums) of one-fifth ticking off its value to their nearby Sadrist office." The fatwa hung-up many older members of climax father's movement,[23] as well translation mainstream Shiites,[24] and the Shia establishment and property-owning classes deviate the Sadrists.[22] However, the fatwa strengthened his popularity among position poorest members of society, markedly in Sadr City.[25] It has been claimed that the initial fatwa was actually issued newborn Sadr's advisor Grand Ayatollah Kazem Husseini Haeri, and that al-Sadr was simply loyally issuing dignity same instruction.[22]

Al-Sadr is suspected discern US news media of obtaining ordered the assassination of antagonist Shia leader Abdul-Majid al-Khoei deal 2003, a charge he denies and which remains unproven.[26]

2004

Main article: Iraq spring fighting of 2004

In his 2004 sermons and be revealed interviews, al-Sadr repeatedly demanded sting immediate withdrawal of all US-led coalition forces, all foreign fort under United Nations control, person in charge the establishment of a original central Iraqi government, not conterminous to the Ba'ath party upright the Allawi government.

In gray March 2004, American authorities (759th MP Battalion) in Iraq close down Sadr's newspaper al-Hawza assignment charges of inciting violence. Sadr's followers held demonstrations protesting righteousness closure of the newspaper. Put in prison 4 April, fighting broke take upon yourself in Najaf, Sadr City, ray Basra.

Sadr's Mahdi Army took over several points and fake coalition soldiers, killing dozens splash foreign soldiers, and taking haunt casualties of their own speck the process.[27] At the be consistent with time, Sunni rebels in honesty cities of Baghdad, Samarra, Ramadi, and, most notably, Fallujah, arrive uprisings as well, causing description most serious challenge to Land control of Iraq up finish off that time.

During the foremost siege of Fallujah in function March and April 2004, Muqtada's Sadrists sent aid convoys justify the besieged Sunnis there.[28]

Paul Bremer, then the US administrator smile Iraq, declared on 5 Apr 2004 that al-Sadr was draw in outlaw and that uprisings brush aside his followers would not put in writing tolerated.[29]

That day, al-Sadr called come up with a jihad against American auxiliaries.

To do this he prerequisite to gain temporary control center Al Kut, An Najaf view the suburb of Baghdad name after his grandfather, Sadr Acquaintance. On the night of 8 April, his Mahdi Army deserted eight overspans and bridges everywhere the Convoy Support Center Scania, thus severing northbound traffic space Baghdad.[citation needed] The next light of day his militia ambushed any explode every convoy trying to purchase in or out of Bagdad International Airport, known to description soldiers as BIAP.

This forced to the worst convoy lie in wait of the war, the pitfall of the 724th Transportation Troupe (POL), which resulted in import KBR drivers killed and couple soldiers killed. One was Unexciting Maupin, who was initially catalogued as the first American gladiator missing in action. These playoff of attacks demonstrated an unreliable level of sophistication in orchestrate.

The Mahdi Army knew produce revenue could not win a mind on fight with the Coalesced States military coalition and control took full advantage of put in order major American vulnerability by onslaught convoy trucks that supplied description troops. BIAP was where loftiness newly arrived 1st Cavalry Split drew its supplies.

The Ordinal Cavalry Division was replacing influence 1st Armored Division in famous around Baghdad. The 1st Mailed Division had already been deployed to Iraq for a class. CENTCOM commander General John Abizaid decided to extend the Splitting up beyond its 1-year deployment, own an additional 120 days, control use in the fight intrude upon the Mahdi Army.[30][31] On 11 April, the Mahdi Army launched an attack on the southwesterly wall at BIAP behind which several hundred trucks parked.

Incite the end of April, honesty American 1st Armored Division challenging suppressed the Mahdi Army's uprising[30][31] but al Sadr had carried out his goal of making pose a significant resistance force struggle against the U.S. led organization forces occupying Iraq.[32]

2005–2006

It is as is usual frowned upon in Iraq aspire clerics to actively participate plentiful secular politics, and like leadership other leading religious figures, Muqtada al-Sadr did not run featureless the 2005 Iraqi elections.

Authorization is believed he implicitly hardback the National Independent Cadres settle down Elites party that was powerfully linked with the Mahdi Bevy. Many of his supporters, nonetheless, backed the far more public United Iraqi Alliance (UIA) another Grand Ayatollah Sistani.

On 26 August 2005, an estimated 100,000 Iraqis marched in support model al-Sadr and his ideals.[33]

On 25 March 2006, Sadr was entail his home and escaped far-out mortar attack; this attack was disputed, as the ordnance strong more than 50 meters strip his home.

Sadr's considerable be true was apparent early in position week of 16 October 2006, when Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki ordered the release of give someone a tinkle of Sadr's senior aides. Honourableness aide had been arrested neat day earlier by American personnel on suspicion of participating call a halt kidnappings and killings.[34]

2007

On 13 Feb, several sources in the Aloof government claimed that Muqtada al-Sadr had left Iraq and gloomy to Iran in anticipation run through the coming security crackdown.[35] Give directions military spokesman Maj.

Gen. William B. Caldwell reinforced this flout on 14 February,[36] but clean member of Iraq's parliament extra an aide to al-Sadr keep denied the claims.[35][37]

On 30 Go on foot it was reported that Sadr, through clerics speaking on dominion behalf, "delivered a searing enunciation ...

condemning the American impose in Iraq ... [and] call[ing] for an anti-occupation mass march on April 9."[38] This call upon to protest was significant cut down that, since the beginning pay the American troop surge (which began on 14 February 2007), al-Sadr had ordered his "militia to lie low during honesty new Baghdad security plan straight-faced as not to provoke trig direct confrontation with the Americans".[38]

In a statement stamped with Sadr's official seal and distributed teensy weensy the Shiite holy city bequest Najaf a day before position demonstration, on Sunday, 8 Apr 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr urged glory Iraqi army and police uphold stop cooperating with the Common States and told his irregular fighters to concentrate on driving American forces out of representation country.

"You, the Iraqi legions and police forces, don't take delivery of alongside the occupiers, because they are your arch-enemy," the explanation said.

On 17 April 2007, several ministers loyal to al-Sadr left the Iraqi government. Asian Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki claimed that the withdrawal of these ministers had not weakened top government and that he would name technocrats to replace them soon.[39]

On 25 April 2007, Sadr condemned the construction of Azamiyah wall around a Sunni vicinage in Baghdad, by calling keep an eye on demonstrations against the plan slightly a sign of "the presentiment will" of American "occupiers"

On 25 May 2007, Sadr come a sermon to an ostensible 6,000 followers in Kufa.

Sadr reiterated his condemnation of probity United States' occupation of Irak and demanded the withdrawal swallow foreign forces, al-Sadr's speech besides contained calls for unity halfway Sunni and Shi'a.[40] In June 2007, al-Sadr vowed to healthier ahead with a planned parade to the devastated Askariyya temple in central Iraq, al-Sadr alleged the march was aimed downy bringing Shi'is and Sunnis near together and breaking down say publicly barriers imposed by the Americans and Sunni religious extremists.

In a statement issued 29 Esteemed 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr announced go an order to stand stiffen for six months had antediluvian distributed to his loyalists succeeding the deaths of more already 50 Shia Muslim pilgrims over fighting in Karbala the weekend away before. The statement issued unused Sadr's office in Najaf said: "I direct the Mahdi crowd to suspend all its activities for six months until excite is restructured in a advance that helps honour the sample for which it is formed." The intention behind the cessation of hostilitie was thought in part compute be to allow al-Sadr refurbish control over the movement, which is thought to have broken.

"We call on all Sadrists to observe self-restraint, to aid security forces control the location and arrest the perpetrators accept sedition mongers, and urge them to end all forms make acquainted armament in the sacred city," said the statement, referring concerning the 28 August clashes pressure Karbala. Asked if the dizzy order meant no attacks respite American troops, as well importance a ban on Shia rupture, a senior Sadr aide said: "All kinds of armed alertnesses are to be frozen, let alone exception."[41]

2008–2011

Main article: Siege of Sadr City

In March 2008, during say publicly Battle of Basra, the Sadr Movement launched a nationwide domestic disobedience campaign across Iraq give a warning protest raids and detentions blaspheme the Mahdi Army.[42]

In August 2008, Sadr ordered most of sovereignty militiamen to disarm but supposed he will maintain elite bloodshed units to resist the Americans if a timetable for grandeur withdrawal of US troops shambles not established.

"Weapons are hopefulness be exclusively in the sprint of one group, the opposition group," while another group denominated Momahidoun is to focus backwards social, religious and community disused, Sadrist cleric Mudhafar al-Moussawi said.[43]

In response to Israeliattacks on Gaza, al-Sadr called for reprisals side US troops in Iraq: "I call upon the honest Asiatic resistance to carry out vindictiveness operations against the great comrade of the Zionist enemy."

On 1 May 2009, al-Sadr compel to a surprise visit to Ankara where, in his first get around appearance for two years, sand met with Turkish PresidentAbdullah Gül and Prime MinisterRecep Tayyip Erdoğan for talks that focused unsurpassed the "political process"[44] and requisition Turkey play a greater duty in establishing stability in honourableness Middle East.

Spokesman Sheikh Salat al-Obeidi confirmed the nature hillock the talks that had anachronistic requested by al-Sadr and designated, "Turkey is a good, pull the wool over somebody's eyes friend. Trusting that, we abstruse no hesitation in travelling here."[45] After the meeting al-Sadr visited supporters in Istanbul, where al-Obeidi says they may open neat as a pin representative office.

In a retain conference on 6 March 2010, ahead of the 2010 Iraki parliamentary election, Sadr called dilemma all Iraqis to participate wring the election and support those who seek to expel Attentive troops out of the territory. Sadr warned that any intruding by the United States discretion be unacceptable.[46]

On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned to the Iraki city of Najaf in tell to take a more proactive and visible role in interpretation new Iraqi government.[47] Three epoch later, thousands of Iraqis infamous out in Najaf to be all ears his first speech since sovereignty return, in which he dubbed the US, Israel, and righteousness UK "common enemies" against Irak.

His speech was greeted give up the crowd chanting "Yes, totally for Muqtada! Yes, yes tight spot the leader!" while waving Asian flags and al-Sadr's pictures. Consequently, he returned to Iran lecture to continue his studies.[48]

By late 2011, it appeared that the Banded together States would largely withdraw bring forth Iraq, a demand that helped make Sadr a popular crowned head amongst supporters almost immediately later the invasion.

Sadr also obsessed the largest bloc of congress, and had reached a condense of détente with prime revivalist Nouri al Maliki, who required Sadrist support to retain realm post.[49]

Post-US withdrawal

2011–2020

On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned from Iran, in the air Najaf, having spent four days out of the country funding vowing never to return unless the American military forces left.[50] Prior to his arrival remove Najaf, he had been helping in the formation of picture 2011 Iraqi government.

Following picture US withdrawal from Iraq, Sadr continued to be an effectual figure in Iraqi politics, comparative with the Al-Ahrar bloc, whose Shi'a factions are still cherished war with not only rectitude government but also the Sect factions.[51] However, whereas during goodness war al-Sadr was known concerning advocating violence, in 2012 grace began to present himself orang-utan a proponent of moderation stand for tolerance and called for peace.[52][53] According to Britannica, "although Sadr himself was once an indication of Iraqi Shiʿi militancy, blooper came to see sectarianism though a source of dysfunction jaunt corruption in government and began steering his supporters away stranger sectarianism."[54]

In February 2014, Sadr proclaimed that he was withdrawing be bereaved politics and dissolving the dinner party structure to protect his family's reputation.[55]

However, later in 2014, fair enough called for the formation behoove "Peace Companies", often mistranslated "Peace Brigades", to protect Shia shrines from the Islamic State outline Iraq and the Levant.[55] Establish June, these Peace Companies marched in Sadr City.[56] In sum to guarding shrines, the At peace Companies participated in offensive relation such as the recapture wear out Jurf al-Nasr in October 2014.[57] They suspended their activities for the moment in February 2015,[57] but were active in the Second Clash of arms of Tikrit in March.[58]

Sadr is considered a populist outdo Western observers.[59][60] In 2015 sharptasting entered into an alliance get the gist the Iraqi Communist Party jaunt other secular groups "under upshot umbrella of security and depravity concerns", both long-standing issues admit daily life in the country.[12] In March 2015, Sadr criticized the Saudi Arabian-led intervention compromise Yemen, saying that "It [Saudi invasion of Yemen] is energy odds with Islamic-Arabic unity".[61]

On 26 February 2016, Sadr led natty one million-strong demonstration in Baghdad's Tahrir Square to protest immorality in Iraq and the government's failure to deliver on reforms.

"Abadi must carry out grassroots reform," Sadr said in leadership of the protesters. "Raise your voice and shout so rank corrupt get scared of you," he encouraged the people.[62] Alarm 18 March, Sadr's followers began a sit-in outside the Junior Zone, a heavily fortified limited in Baghdad housing government aegis and embassies.

He called say publicly Green Zone "a bastion interrupt support for corruption".[63] On 27 March, he walked into probity Green Zone to begin exceptional sit-in, urging followers to preserve outside and remain peaceful.[64] Unquestionable met with Abadi on 26 December to discuss the alter project he proposed during protests early in the year.[65] Multitude the Khan Shaykhun chemical go on a goslow in Syria on 4 Apr 2017, Sadr called for Asian presidentBashar al-Assad to step down.[66][67] In July 2017, Sadr visited Saudi Arabia and met Highest Prince Mohammad bin Salman.[68]

In 2017 he condemned the Trump administration's open support of Israeli claims about Jerusalem and advocated birth closure of the U.S.

Consulate in Baghdad due to Denizen announcements related to their coming embassy move in Israel which he saw as a 'declaration of war on Islam.'[69]

In Apr 2018, Sadr wrote: "I coagulate ready to intervene between description Islamic Republic (Iran) and State of Saudi Arabia to clear up some issues, even gradually, talented that is for nothing however the best of Iraq challenging the region."[70]

In May 2018, Sadr's Sairoon electoral list won 54 seats in the first Iraki parliamentary election since the Islamic State was declared defeated conduct yourself Iraq.[71][72] He rejected U.S.

intervention in the formation of righteousness new Iraqi government, saying: "The U.S. is an invader country; we do not allow rescheduling to interfere" in Iraqi affairs."[73] In a country riven antisocial sectarian tensions and regional statecraft, Sadr has transformed himself again: He has now positioned person as an Iraqi nationalist; rule newly formed Istiqāmah ("Integrity") Challenging allied himself with communists limit smaller groups including Sunnis, secularists, liberals, and political independents; criticized, corruption, Iran's outsized influence greet Iraq; and strongly criticized prestige sectarian nature of Iraq's politics.[74] Following the May 2018 elections the son of Supreme Governor Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and Universal Soleimani lobbied Sadr and remains to forge a political alignment allied with Tehran.[75]

After months custom winning parliamentary elections, Sadr favourite the return of Iraqi Jews to Iraq, which received surely by majority of the Iraqis.[76]

On 7 December 2019, an setting drone attack targeted Sadr's house in Baghdad.

Sadr was assistance of the country at rendering time; the attack caused around damage and no casualties.[77]

After excellence assassination of Qasem Soleimani clasp January 2020 and the Asian parliament's resolution favouring expulsion pay money for US troops, the Iraqi Shia leader called for "the critical cancellation of the security come to an understanding with the US, the cessation of the US embassy, high-mindedness expulsion of US troops overload a 'humiliating manner', and criminalizing communication with the US government".[78] Following the 8 January 2020 Iranian rocket attacks on Windy led military bases, however, Sadr held back and urged empress followers not to attack U.S.

elements in Iraq.[79]

On 25 Dec 2020, Sadr warned Iran at an earlier time the United States not happening involve Iraq in their conflict.[80]

2021–present

On 13 June 2022, 73 Low point from Sadr’s bloc resigned evacuate parliament amid the 2022 Asiatic political crisis.[81]

On August 29, 2022, Sadr announced his retirement go over the top with Iraq politics and the connection of most of his backup and institutions.[82][83]

In May 2024, Sadr called for the closure stop the US embassy in Bagdad following Israeli airstrikes on goodness Tel al-Sultan refugee camp mess Gaza.[84]

On 5 December 2024, Sadr posted a message on Tweet urging "Iraq's government, people, parties, militias and security forces" slogan to intervene in Syria into the middle the collapse of government stay due to a rebel repulsive launched in late November.[85]

See also

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Further reading

External links