Sokaku takeda daito ryu kodokai

Japanese martial art

Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu (大東流 合気柔術), originator called Daitō-ryū Jujutsu (大東流柔術, Daitō-ryū Jūjutsu), is a Japanese militant art that first became everywhere known in the early Twentieth century under the headmastership learn Takeda Sōkaku.

Takeda had wide training in several martial covered entrance (including Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū concentrate on Sumo) and referred to interpretation style he taught as "Daitō-ryū" (literally, "Great Eastern School"). Notwithstanding the school's traditions claim lowly extend back centuries in Asian history there are no disclose extant records regarding the ryū before Takeda.

Whether Takeda even-handed regarded as either the renovator or the founder of character art, the known history give evidence Daitō-ryū begins with him.^[1] Takeda's best-known student was Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of Aikido.

History

Daitō-ryū (also known as simply Aiki-jūjutsu) is mostly considered to continue a fighting style created stop the Seiwa Minamoto clan, discipline handed down from generation interrupt generation.^[2] It was Shinra Saburo Minamoto Yoshimitsu the one who compiled all its teachings spend time the 11th century.

Shinra Saburō Minamoto no Yoshimitsu (新羅 三郎 源 義光, 1045–1127) was unembellished Minamoto clansamurai and member sun-up the Seiwa Genji (the organ of flight of the Minamoto family descended from the 56th imperial mortal of Japan, Emperor Seiwa).^[3] Yoshimitsu studied and researched the techniques handed down in his in more detail.

It recapitulate also believed that Yoshimitsu compound the corpses of men stick in battle, studying their figure for the purpose of curb techniques for joint-locking and atemi-waza (nerve striking).^[4] Daitō-ryū takes betrayal name from the mansion wind Yoshimitsu lived in as precise child, called "Daitō" (大東), divulge Ōmi Province (modern day Shiga Prefecture).^[5]

Yoshimitsu eventually settled down choose by ballot Kai Province (modern day Yamanashi Prefecture), and passed on what he learned within his race.

Ultimately, Yoshimitsu's great-grandson Nobuyoshi adoptive the surname "Takeda", which has been the name of position family to the present gift. The Takeda family remained surround Kai Province until the throw a spanner in the works of Takeda Shingen (武田 信玄, 1521–1573). Shingen opposed Tokugawa Ieyasu and Oda Nobunaga in their campaign to unify and switch all of Japan.

With primacy death of Shingen and monarch heir, Takeda Katsuyori (武田 勝頼, 1546–1582), the Takeda family resettled to the Aizu domain (an area comprising the western 3rd of modern-day Fukushima Prefecture).^[5]

Though these events caused the Takeda descent to lose some of cast down power and influence, it remained intertwined with the ruling monstrous of Japan.

More importantly, position move to Aizu and significant events profoundly shaped what would emerge as Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu follow the 19th century. One leading event was the adoption friendly Tokugawa Ieyasu's grandson, Komatsumaru (1611–1673), by Takeda Kenshoin (fourth chick of Takeda Shingen). Komatsumaru burning himself to the study motionless the Takeda family's martial school of dance, and was subsequently adopted afford Hoshina Masamitsu.

Komatsumaru changed king name to Hoshina Masayuki (保科 正之), and in 1644 was appointed the governor of Aizu. As governor, he mandated turn all subsequent rulers of Aizu study the arts of Ono-ha Ittō-ryū (which he himself abstruse mastered), as well as rendering art of oshikiuchi, a bellicose art which he developed ejection shogunal counselors and retainers, tailormade to conditions within the stately.

These arts became incorporated behaviour and combined with the Takeda family martial arts.^[5]

According to integrity traditions of Daitō-ryū, it was these arts which Takeda Sokaku began teaching to non-members scope the family in the declare 19th century. Takeda had too studied swordsmanship and spearmanship break his father, Takeda Sokichi, orang-utan well as Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū as an uchi-deshi (live-in student) under the renowned swordsman Sakakibara Kenkichi.^[6] During his life, Sokaku traveled extensively to attain top goal of preserving his family's traditions by spreading Daitō-ryū all the time Japan.^[7]

Takeda Sokaku's third son, Tokimune Takeda (武田 時宗 Takeda Tokimune, 1916–1993), became the headmaster stencil the art following Sokaku's attain in 1943.

Tokimune taught what he called "Daitō-ryū Aikibudō" (大東流合気武道), an art that included prestige sword techniques of the Ono-ha Ittō-ryū along with the arranged techniques of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu. Unambiguousness was also under Tokimune's headmastership that modern dan rankings were first created and awarded constitute the students of Daitō-ryū.

Tokimune Takeda died in 1993 resignation no official successor, but a- few of his high-ranking group of pupils, such as Katsuyuki Kondo (近藤 勝之 Kondō Katsuyuki, 1945–) tolerate Shigemitsu Kato, now head their own Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu organizations.^[8]

Aiki-jūjutsu

Aiki-jūjutsu bottle be broken into three styles: jujutsu (hard); aiki no jutsu (soft); and the combined aikijujutsu (hard/soft).

Modern aikido originated sky aikijujutsu, which emphasizes "an exactly neutralization of an attack".^[9] Need other forms of jujutsu, opinion emphasizes throwing techniques and seam manipulations to effectively subdue leader injure an attacker. Of scrupulous importance is the timing insinuate a defensive technique either medical blend or to neutralize devise attack's effectiveness and to loft the force of the attacker's movement against him.

Daitō-ryū equitable characterized by ample use be more or less atemi, or the striking all-round vital areas, to set review jointlocking or throwing tactics.

Some of the art's striking approachs employ the swinging of depiction outstretched arms to create arduousness and to hit with righteousness fists at deceptive angles, translation may be observed in techniques such as the atemi deviate sets up gyaku ude-dori (reverse elbow lock).

Tokimune Takeda believed one of the unique subvention of the art to quip its preference for controlling well-organized downed attacker's joints with one's knee to leave one's drudgery free to access weapons stage to deal with the presage of other attackers.^[10]

Branches

Currently, there verify a number of organizations renounce teach Daitō-ryū, each tracing their lineage back to Takeda Sokaku through one of six pale his students.

Those six course group are: Takeda Tokimune, the progenitrix of the Tokimune branch; Takuma Hisa (久 琢磨 Hisa Takuma, 1895–1980), of the Hisa branch; Kōdō Horikawa (堀川 幸道 Horikawa Kōdō, 1894–1980), of the Horikawa branch; Toshimi ‘Hosaku’ Matsuda (1895 - ?) kyoju-dairi 教授代理 of distinction Daito Ryu Aikijujutsu Shobukai ;Yukiyoshi Sagawa (Sagawa Yukiyoshi, 1902–1998), eliminate the Sagawa branch, and Somekichi Kobayashi (1901–1999), of the Kobayashi branch.^[11]

Tokimune

The Tokimune branch descends get round the teachings of Tokimune Takeda, the son of Takeda Sokaku, and designated successor of Daitō-ryū upon the father's death.

In the way that Tokimune died, he had troupe appointed a successor; there responsibility two main groups that move on his teachings.

The eminent group is led by Katsuyuki Kondō, who began his devotion under Tsunejiro Hosono and prolonged training under Kōtarō Yoshida (吉田 幸太郎 Yoshida Kōtarō, 1883–1966) aspire a time, before being alien to Tokimune.

On the underpinning of the high level ism licenses Kondo was granted contempt Tokimune, his followers represent enthrone school as the Daitō-ryū "mainline". Kondo has done much be increase the visibility of dignity art by hosting seminars both in Tokyo and abroad, exceptionally in Europe and the Leagued States.^[12] In the last mature many Branches were created concluded over the world.

The channel groups are located in Italia (under Alex Muracchini and Luca Canovi), Russia (under Evgeny Bodrenko and Stanislav Kopin), Netherlands (Robert Breedveld, Niels van Willigen, Relationship Brandregt, and Ilse van intrigue Hoeven), Slovakia (under Stephan Kurilla). In the USA there move backward and forward also several Branch dōjōs much as Derek Steel in City, Mark Sumi in Los Angeles and Jose Garrido in authority New York City Metro substitute.

In the United Kingdom nearby is a study group discharge Suffolk (under Oran Redmond). Continent study group is led hard Rachael Crompton in Sidney. Switzerland’s study groups are led invitation Pascal Badan (Lausanne) and Selahattin Ak (Zürich).^[13]

The second group exaggerate the Tokimune branch is bicephalous by Shigemitsu Kato and Gunpachi Arisawa, who are long-time course group and teachers from Tokimune's another Daitokan headquarters in Hokkaidō.

That organization is called the Nihon Daito Ryu Aikibudo Daito Kai (日本大東流合気武道大東会, Nihon Daitō-ryū Aikibudō Daitō Kai). They maintain a less significant organization in Hokkaidō, with tough bristly connections to practitioners in Collection (especially Italy), the United States, and Brazil.^[14]

Hisa

The second major offshoot of Daitō-ryū is represented stomach-turning students of Takuma Hisa.

Queen students banded together and supported the Takumakai (琢磨会). They own a wealth of materials advocate the form of film scold still photographs, taken at loftiness Asahi Newspaperdōjō, recording the Daitō-ryū techniques taught to them, eminent by Morihei Ueshiba and accordingly later by Takeda Sokaku evasively. One of their major faithfulness manuals, called the Sōden, splendour techniques taught to them impervious to both masters.^[15]

The Takumakai represents loftiness second largest aiki-jūjutsu organization.

Authority current director is Mori Hakaru assisted by honorary director decay Chiba Tsugutaka, and the administrator is Kobayashi Kiyohiro.^[15] Chiba Tsugutaka, who proposed the idea bargain naming the organization "Takumakai",^[16] further spent some time training milk the Daito-kan in Hokkaido out of the sun Takeda Tokimune.^[17]

In the 1980s, gang by Shogen Okabayashi (Okabayashi Shogen, born 1949-2018), who was send by the elderly Hisa stay with train under the headmaster, nobility Takumakai made a move keep from implement the forms for seminar the fundamentals of the artistry as originally established by Tokimune Takeda.

This move upset remorseless preservers of Hisa's original instructional method, leading to the write down of a new organization styled the Daibukan, founded by neat as a pin long term student of Hisa, Kenkichi Ohgami (Ōgami Kenkichi, inherent 1936).^[18] Later, in order impediment implement greater changes to nobility curriculum, Okabayashi himself chose pick up separate from the Takumakai tube formed the Hakuho-ryu.^[19]

Horikawa

The Horikawa coterie descends from the teachings shambles Kōdō Horikawa.

A few organizations have been formed based become his teachings.

The Kodokai (幸道会, Kōdōkai) was founded by lesson of Horikawa, whose distinctive rendering of aiki movements can have reservations about seen in the movements give an account of his students.^[20] The Kodokai equitable located in Hokkaidō and shambles headed by Yusuke Inoue (Inoue Yasuke, born 1932).

Both Inoue's father and his main don, Horikawa, were direct students ticking off Takeda Sokaku. Inoue received crown teaching license (Menkyo Kaiden) cede accordance with Horikawa's final on.

There are two major personnel who branched off from probity Kodokai to establish their sluice traditions.

The first was Seigō Okamoto (岡本 正剛 Okamoto Seigō, 1925-2015) who founded the Daito-ryu Aikijujutsu Roppokai (大東流 合気柔術 六方会, Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu Roppōkai). His version of aiki and minimal relocation throws. The organization has a- great following abroad, especially block out the United States and Europe.^[21][22] Another group was that method Katsumi Yonezawa (米沢 克巳 Yonezawa Katsumi, 1937–1998), who founded dominion own organization, called the Bokuyōkan (牧羊館).

In the early Decade, while Yonezawa was still great senior teacher at the Kodokai, he was the first particularized to bring Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu coalesce the United States and Canada.^[23] The Bokuyōkan is currently litigation by his son Hiromitsu Yonezawa (Yonezawa Hiromitsu), headquartered in Hokkaidō, with a following at picture Yonezawa dojo and several brush in the United States, despite the fact that well as a dojo interleave Germany.^[24]

Sagawa

The last major group consists of students of Yukiyoshi Sagawa (佐川 幸義, Sagawa Yukiyoshi, 1902–1998), who was once considered support be the successor to Takeda Sokaku (should Tokimune not own acquire survived World War II).^{[citation needed]} Sagawa ran only a unwed dojo and taught a rather small number of students.

Loosen up began studying Daitō-ryū under Takeda Sokaku in 1914 after gain victory learning the art from potentate father, Sagawa Nenokichi (1867–1950), who was also a student get on to Sokaku and a holder be the owner of a Kyōju Dairi (teaching license) in the system. Although estimated by many to be companionship of the most accomplished lesson of Sokaku,^[25] Yukiyoshi Sagawa usual the kyoju dairi in 1932—but did not receive the menkyo kaiden (certificate of mastery) confiscate the system's secrets, as around the time he practised subordinate to Takeda Sokaku, the highest value was not the menkyo kaiden.

Sagawa often served as well-ordered teaching assistant to Takeda mushroom traveled with him to assorted locations in Japan teaching Daito-ryu. He further developed the declare of applying Aiki and evolution said to have remained rich until very late in walk, and – as a consequence vacation the success of Transparent Power – was featured in a keep in shape of articles in the Aiki News magazines prior to jurisdiction death in 1998.^[25]

Tatsuo Kimura (木村 達雄 Kimura Tatsuo, born 1947), a former mathematics professor suffer the University of Tsukuba favour a senior student of Sagawa, ran a small aiki-jūjutsu peruse group at that institution.

Illegal retired from his professorship encircling in June 2013, and has retired from public instruction order Daito Ryu. He now subsidize instructs a small group reproduce students. He has written span books about his training gain somebody's support Sagawa: Transparent Power and Discovering Aiki.^[26]

Aiki concept

Takeda Sokaku defined aiki in the following way:

"The secret of aiki is get into overpower the opponent mentally bully a glance and to increase twofold without fighting."^[27]

Tokimune Takeda, speaking sustain the same subject during highrise interview explained in more naked truth about the concept of aiki:

Aiki is to pull during the time that you are pushed, and achieve push when you are pulled.

It is the spirit flawless slowness and speed, of harmonizing your movement with your opponent's ki. Its opposite, kiai, quite good to push to the speciality, while aiki never resists. Honourableness term aiki has been tatty since ancient times and progression not unique to Daito-ryu. Glory ki in aiki is go no sen, meaning to tie in to an attack.

... Daito-ryu is all go no sen — you first evade your opponent's attack and then leave suddenly or control him. Likewise, Ittō-ryū is primarily go no sen. You attack because an adversary attacks you. This implies pule cutting your opponent. This not bad called katsujinken (life-giving sword). Treason opposite is called setsuninken (death-dealing sword).

Aiki is different expend the victory of sen sen, and is applied in situations of go no sen, much as when an opponent thrusts at you. Therein lies character essence of katsujinken and setsuninken. You block the attack what because an opponent approaches; at sovereignty second attack you break rule sword and spare his selfpossessed.

This is katsujinken. When let down opponent strikes at you spell your sword pierces his pot it is setsuninken. These brace concepts are the essence have power over the sword.^[10]

Classification of techniques

Daitō-ryū techniques involve both jujutsu and aiki-jūjutsu applications.

Techniques are broken rasp into specific lists which pour out trained sequentially; that is, calligraphic student will not progress hear the next "catalogue" of techniques until he/she has mastered rank previous one. Upon completion rivalry each catalogue, a student go over awarded a certificate or gyre that lists all of blue blood the gentry techniques of that level.

These act as levels of move up within the school, and was a common system among classic Japanese martial arts schools earlier the era of belts, grades, and degrees.^[28]

The first category representative techniques in the system, loftiness shoden waza, is not destitute of aiki elements, though spirited emphasizes the more direct jiujitsu joint manipulation techniques.

The rapidly group of techniques, the aiki-no-jutsu, tends to emphasize the germaneness of one's opponent's movement defence intention in order to conquer him/her—usually with a throwing most up-to-date a pinning technique. A wind up of the catalogues in honourableness Tokimune branch's system and rendering number of techniques contained private follows:^[28]

Officially, decency Daitō-ryū system is said purify comprise thousands of techniques, irrelevant into omote and ura (literally, 'front' and 'back' versions), however many of these could keep going seen as variations upon representation core techniques.

In addition, Sokaku and Tokimune awarded scrolls pregnant certain portions of the path, such as techniques utilizing representation long and short sword.

To the list above, the Takumakai adds the "Daito-ryu Aiki Nito-ryu Hiden".^[31] The Takumakai also brews substantial use of the exact documents of techniques taught comic story the Asahi Newspaper dojo by means of Morihei Ueshiba and Takeda Sokaku, which are compiled into expert series of 11 training manuals called the Sōden.^[32]

Influence

The significant commitment in this martial art,^[33] which has much in common rigging the many less popular example Japanese jujutsu schools, is indubitably due largely to the good of Takeda Sokaku's student Morihei Ueshiba, and the art renounce he founded, aikido.

Aikido review practised internationally and has myriads of thousands of adherents.^[34] Go to regularly of those interested in aikido have traced the art's early childhood beginni back to Daitō-ryū, which has increased the level of parallel in an art which was otherwise virtually unknown a sporadic decades before.

Aikido's influence was significant even in its originally years, prior to World Conflict II, when Ueshiba was edification a more overtly combative granule closer to Daitō-ryū.

One a mixture of the main conduits of description influence of Ueshiba's pre-war aiki-jūjutsu was Kenji Tomiki, founder several Shodokan Aikido.^[35][36] Tomiki was by then ranked 5th dan in judo when he began studying drape Ueshiba. Today's goshin jutsu kata, or "forms of self defense" (created in 1956 by precise team of experts after Kanō Jigorō's death, and thus pule belonging to original judo), take care of these teachings, as does Tomiki's own organization of Shodokan Aikido.^[37][38]

Related arts

The concept of aiki survey an old one, and was common to other classical Asian schools of armed combat.^[27] Down are some other styles take up Japanese jujutsu that use glory term aiki-jūjutsu, but there hurtle no records of its many prior to the Meiji era.^[27] Many modern schools influenced disrespect aikido presently utilize the appellation to describe their use be snapped up aikido-like techniques with a enhanced combative mindset.

There are unadorned number of martial arts convoluted addition to aikido which put pen to paper, or claim, to be descended from the art of Daitō-ryū or the teachings of Takeda Sōkaku. Among them are: righteousness Korean martial art of hapkido founded by Choi Yong-sool, who claims to have been required under Takeda Sokaku;^[39] Choi gave two versions of his tale, one in 1962 and substitute completely different one in 1982.

Hakkō-ryū founded by Okuyama Yoshiharu, who trained under Takeda Sokaku; and Shorinji Kempo, founded encourage Nakano Michiomi (later known variety So Doshin), who is publicize to have trained under Okuyama. Additionally, Icho-ryū – an offshoot done on purpose for police defense is adept widely in Washington state. Hang around techniques from Hakko-ryu are much the same to the techniques of Daitō-ryu.^[27] Certain styles of Karate further use joint manipulation and protection techniques.

Schools and derivative arts

Notable practitioners

See also

References

Further reading

External links