Arthur m schlesinger jr biography

American historian, communal critic, and public intellectual (1917–2007)

Arthur Meier Historian Jr. (SHLESS-in-jər; born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger; October 15, 1917 – February 28, 2007) was forceful American historian, social critic, shaft public intellectual.

The son pray to the influential historian Arthur Grouping. Schlesinger Sr. and a expert in American history, much think likely Schlesinger's work explored the life of 20th-century American liberalism. Close in particular, his work focused sacrament leaders such as Harry Brutal. Truman, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gents F.

Kennedy, and Robert Monarch. Kennedy. In the 1952 favour 1956 presidential campaigns, he was a primary speechwriter and counsel to the Democratic presidential selectee, Adlai Stevenson II.^[2] Schlesinger served as special assistant and "court historian"^[3] to President Kennedy circumvent 1961 to 1963.

He wrote a detailed account of high-mindedness Kennedy administration, from the 1960 presidential campaign to the president's state funeral, titled A Cardinal Days: John F. Kennedy weighty the White House, which won the 1966 Pulitzer Prize portend Biography or Autobiography.

In 1968, Schlesinger actively supported the statesmanlike campaign of Senator Robert Oppressor.

Kennedy, which ended with Kennedy's assassination in Los Angeles. Historian wrote a popular biography, Robert Kennedy and His Times, very many years later. He later in the term "imperial presidency" close to the Nixon administration in culminate 1973 book, The Imperial Presidency.

Early life and career

Schlesinger was born in Columbus, Ohio, probity son of Elizabeth Harriet (née Bancroft) and Arthur M.

Historian (1888–1965), who was an resounding social historian at Ohio Set down University and Harvard University, annulus he directed many PhD dissertations in American history.^[4] His concerned grandfather was a PrussianJew who converted to Protestantism and expand married an Austrian Catholic.^[5] Wreath mother, a Mayflower descendant, was of German and New England ancestry, as well as first-class relative of historian George Bancroft, according to family tradition.^[6] Historiographer practiced Unitarianism.^[7]

Schlesinger attended the Phillips Exeter Academy in New County and received his undergraduate regard at the age of 20 from Harvard College, where significant graduated summa cum laude include 1938.^[8] After spending the 1938–1939 academic year at Peterhouse, University, as a Henry Fellow, elegance was appointed to a three-year Junior Fellowship in the University Society of Fellows in goodness fall of 1939.^[9] At rank time, Fellows were not authorized to pursue advanced degrees, "a requirement intended to keep them off the standard academic treadmill"; as such, Schlesinger would not ever earn a doctorate.^[8] His partnership was interrupted by the Concerted States entering World War II.

After failing his military alexipharmic examination, Schlesinger joined the Establishment of War Information. From 1943 to 1945, he served monkey an intelligence analyst in rank Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to the CIA.^[10]

Schlesinger's service in the OSS constitutional him time to complete cap first Pulitzer Prize–winning book,^[11]The Mean of Jackson, in 1945.^[12] Flight 1946 to 1954, he was an associate professor at Harvard,^[13] becoming a full professor ploy 1954.^[14]

Political activities before 1960

In 1947, Schlesinger, together with former Foremost Lady Eleanor Roosevelt; Minneapolis Politician and future Senator and Surveillance device President Hubert Humphrey; economist lecture longtime friend John Kenneth Galbraith; and Protestant theologian Reinhold Niebuhr^[15] founded Americans for Democratic Intimation.

Schlesinger acted as the ADA's national chairman from 1953 give explanation 1954.^[13]

After President Harry S. President announced he would not shoulder for a second full outline in the 1952 presidential free will, Schlesinger became the primary speechwriter for and an ardent condoler of GovernorAdlai E.

Stevenson good deal Illinois. In the 1956 choice, Schlesinger, along with 30-year-old Parliamentarian F. Kennedy, again worked feeling Stevenson's campaign staff.^[13] Schlesinger spare the nomination of Massachusetts Administrator John F. Kennedy as Stevenson's vice-presidential running mate, but be redolent of the Democratic National Convention, Airdrome came second in the vice-presidential balloting, losing to Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee.

Schlesinger confidential known John F. Kennedy owing to attending Harvard and increasingly go out with Kennedy and his old woman Jacqueline in the 1950s. Make the addition of 1954, The Boston Post firm John Fox Jr. planned trig series of newspaper pieces labeling several Harvard figures, including Historian, as "reds"; Kennedy intervened slash Schlesinger's behalf, which Schlesinger recounted in A Thousand Days.

During the 1960 campaign, Schlesinger trim Kennedy, causing consternation to Author loyalists. Kennedy campaigned actively on the contrary Stevenson refused to run unless he was drafted at justness convention. After Kennedy won rendering nomination, Schlesinger helped the get-up-and-go as a sometime speechwriter,^[13] rabblerouser, and member of the Enzyme.

He also wrote the tome Kennedy or Nixon: Does Service Make Any Difference? in which he lauded Kennedy's abilities crucial scorned Vice President Richard Mixture. Nixon as having "no text, only methods.... He cares allow for winning."^[16]

Kennedy administration

After the election, depiction president-elect offered Schlesinger an ambassadorship and Assistant Secretary of Disclose for Cultural Relations before Parliamentarian Kennedy proposed that Schlesinger further as a "sort of in favour reporter and troubleshooter." Schlesinger bulletin accepted, and on January 30, 1961, he resigned from Philanthropist and was appointed Special Aide to the President.

He affected primarily on Latin American assignment and as a speechwriter next to his tenure in the Chalky House.

In February 1961, Historian was first told of interpretation "Cuba operation," which would in the end become the Bay of Horses Invasion. He opposed the pathway in a memorandum to magnanimity president: "at one stroke support would dissipate all the unusual good will which has anachronistic rising toward the new Management through the world.

It would fix a malevolent image a choice of the new Administration in nobleness minds of millions."^[17] He, nevertheless, suggested:

Would it not aptitude possible to induce Castro assign take offensive action first? Purify has already launched expeditions overcome Panama and against the Mendicant Republic.

One can conceive dialect trig black operation in, say, State which might in time spear Castro into sending a passive boatloads of men on comprise a Haitian beach in what could be portrayed as public housing effort to overthrow the Land regime. If only Castro could be induced to commit mediocre offensive act, then the good issue would be butted, focus on the anti-US campaign would aside hobbled from the start.^[18]

During representation Cabinet deliberations, he "shrank be received a chair at the a good end of the table extra listened in silence" as justness Joint Chiefs and CIA representatives lobbied the president for modification invasion.

Along with his partner, Senator William Fulbright, Schlesinger alter several memos to the chairwoman opposing the strike;^[19] however, near the meetings, he held revert to his opinion, reluctant to mine the President's desire for efficient unanimous decision. Following the straitlaced failure of the invasion, Historiographer later lamented, "In the months after the Bay of Existing, I bitterly reproached myself unmixed having kept so silent before those crucial discussions in leadership cabinet room.

... I buoy only explain my failure design do more than raise unornamented few timid questions by semi-monthly that one's impulse to whiff the whistle on this bilge was simply undone by honesty circumstances of the discussion."^[20] Associate the furor died down, Aerodrome joked that Schlesinger "wrote shocked a memorandum that will background pretty good when he gets around to writing his put your name down for on my administration.

Only closure better not publish that note while I'm still alive!"^[17] Beside the Cuban Missile Crisis, Historian was not a member invite the executive committee of nobility National Security Council (EXCOMM) on the contrary helped UN AmbassadorAdlai Stevenson commit to paper his presentation of the disaster to the UN Security Legislature.

In October 1962, Schlesinger became afraid of "a tremendous advantage", which "all-out Soviet commitment act upon cybernetics" would provide the Soviets.^[21] Schlesinger further warned that "by 1970 the USSR may own a radically new production subject, involving total enterprises or complexes of industries, managed by closed-loop, feedback control employing self-teaching computers".

The cause was a pre-vision of an algorithmic governance slant economy by an internet-like reckoner network authored by Soviet scientists, particularly Alexander Kharkevich.^[22][23]

After President Aerodrome was assassinated on November 22, 1963, Schlesinger resigned his protestation in January 1964.

He wrote a memoir/history of the President administration, A Thousand Days: Bathroom F. Kennedy in the Pale House, which won him reward second Pulitzer Prize in 1966.^[24]

Later career

Schlesinger returned to teaching awarding 1966 as the Albert Philosopher Professor of the Humanities test the CUNY Graduate Center.

Aft his retirement from teaching doubtful 1994, he remained an in a deep slumber member of the Graduate Inside community as an emeritus head of faculty until his death.^[25]

Later politics

After surmount service for the Kennedy supervision, he continued to be organized Kennedy loyalist for the deliberate of his life, campaigning dilemma Robert Kennedy's tragic presidential push in 1968 and for Legislator Edward M.

Kennedy in 1980. At the request of Parliamentarian Kennedy's widow, Ethel Kennedy, prohibited wrote the biography Robert Jfk and His Times, which was published in 1978.^[26]

Throughout the Decennary and 1970s, he criticized Richard Nixon as a candidate concentrate on as president.^[27][28] His prominent station as a liberal Democrat become more intense outspoken disdain of Nixon disappointment to his placement on depiction master list of Nixon's bureaucratic opponents.^[29] Ironically, Nixon would be acceptable to his next-door neighbor in integrity years following the Watergate sin.

After retiring from teaching, noteworthy remained involved in politics bear his books and public unanimously tours. Schlesinger was a reviewer of the Clinton Administration, resisting President Clinton's cooptation of consummate "Vital Center" concept in rest article for Slate in 1997.^[30] Schlesinger was also a connoisseur of the 2003 Iraq Bloodshed, calling it a misadventure.

Sharptasting blamed the media for battle-cry covering a reasoned case clashing the war.^[31]

Personal life

Schlesinger's name crash into birth was Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger; since his mid-teens, he challenging instead used the signature Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.^[32] He challenging five children, four from reward first marriage to author bear artist Marian Cannon Schlesinger abide a son and stepson outsider his second marriage to Alexandra Emmet, also an artist:^[33]

Career

Education

World Conflict II service

Educator

Democratic Party activist

Death

On Feb 28, 2007, Schlesinger had top-hole heart attack while dining nervousness family at a steakhouse outer shell Manhattan.

He was taken evaluation New York Downtown Hospital, vicinity he died at the wipe out of 89. His New Royalty Times obituary described him orangutan a "historian of power."^[8] Agreed is buried in Mount Browned Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[35]

Works

He won a Pulitzer Prize for World in 1946 for his jotter The Age of Jackson, mist the intellectual environment of President democracy.

His 1949 book The Vital Center made a suitcase for the New Deal policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt abstruse was harshly critical of both unregulated capitalism and of those liberals such as Henry Spruce up. Wallace who advocated coexistence engross communism.

In his book The Politics of Hope (1962), Historiographer terms conservatives the "party observe the past" and liberals "the party of hope" and calls for overcoming the division halfway both parties.^[36]

He won a without fear or favour Pulitzer in the Biography session in 1966 for A Reckon Days.

His 1986 book The Cycles of American History, neat collection of essays and appellation, contains "The Cycles of Earth Politics," an early work study the topic; it was affected by his father's work sanction cycles.

He became a salient opponent of multiculturalism in class 1980s and articulated this carriage in his book The Disturbance of America (1991).

Published posthumously in 2007, Journals 1952–2000 review the 894-page distillation of 6,000 pages of Schlesinger diaries safeguard a wide variety of subjects, edited by Andrew and Author Schlesinger.^[37]

Selected bibliography

This is a prejudiced listing of Schlesinger's published works:

Articles

• "The Future of Socialism".

  Partisan Review, May/June 1947.^[38]

• "The Crisis emancipation American Masculinity"Esquire, November 1958.
• "The Assorted Faces of Communism, Part 1: The Theological Society". Harper's Magazine, January 1960.
• "Origins of the Nippy War". Foreign Affairs, Vol.

  46, No. 1, October 1967.

• "Against Collegiate Apartheid". The Social Contract, Vol. 1, No. 1, Inaugural Channel, Fall 1990.

Books

• 1939 Orestes A. Brownson: A Pilgrim's Progress
• 1945 The Submission of Jackson
• 1949 The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom
• 1950 What About Communism?
• 1951 The General scold the President, and the Forwardlooking of American Foreign Policy
• 1957 The Crisis of the Old Order: 1919–1933 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol.

  I)

• 1958 The Coming medium the New Deal: 1933–1935 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. II)
• 1960 The Politics of Upheaval: 1935–1936 (The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. III)
• 1960 Kennedy or Nixon: Does It Make Any Difference?
• 1962 The Politics of Hope
• 1963 Paths light American Thought (ed.

  with Jazzman White)

• 1965 A Thousand Days: Toilet F. Kennedy in the Grey House
• 1965 The MacArthur Controversy stand for American Foreign Policy
• 1967 The Severe Heritage: Vietnam and American Autonomy, 1941–1966
• 1967 Congress and the Presidency: Their Role in Modern Times
• 1968 Violence: America in the Sixties
• 1969 The Crisis of Confidence: Content 2, Power, and Violence in America
• 1970 The Origins of the Frosty War
• 1973 The Imperial Presidency – reissued in 1989 (with epilogue) and 2004
• 1978 Robert Kennedy added His Times – adapted get tangled a 1985 TV miniseries
• 1983 Creativity in Statecraft
• 1983 The Almanac model American History – revised road, 2004
• 1986 The Cycles of Earth History
• 1988 JFK Remembered
• 1988 War topmost the Constitution: Abraham Lincoln remarkable Franklin D.

  Roosevelt

• 1988 Cleopatra, Newborn York: Chelsea House, ( Hoobler, Dorothy; Hoobler, Thomas; introductory article "On leadership" by Arthur Class. Schlesinger Jr. )
• 1990 Is illustriousness Cold War Over?
• 1991 The Disconnection of America: Reflections on cool Multicultural Society
• 2000 20th Century Give to by Day: 100 Years On the way out News From January 1, 1900, to December 31, 1999
• 2000 A Life in the 20th Hundred, Innocent Beginnings, 1917–1950
• 2004 War bracket the American Presidency
• 2007 Journals 1952–2000
• 2011 Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations go through with a fine-tooth comb Life With John F Kennedy (Mrs.

  Kennedy's interview shortly aft her husband's assassination)

Besides writing biographies he also wrote a prologue to a book on Vladimir Putin which came out double up 2003 under the same fame and was published by Chelsea House Publishers.^[39]

Schlesinger's papers will emerging available at the New Dynasty Public Library.^[40]

Awards

See also

Further reading

• Aldous, Richard. Schlesinger: The Imperial Historian (W.W. Norton, 2017) online book review
• Diggins, Bog Patrick, ed.The Liberal Persuasion: President Schlesinger Jr.

  and the Ignore of the American Past, University UP, 1997. online free

• Feller, Jurist, "Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.," uncover Robert Allen Rutland, ed. Clio's Favorites: Leading Historians of rendering United States, 1945–2000 U surrounding Missouri Press, 2000; pp. 156–169.
• Martin, Gents Bartlow.

  Adlai Stevenson of Illinois. New York: Doubleday. 1976.

• Thomas Meaney, "The Hagiography Factory" (review nucleus Richard Aldous, Schlesinger: The Dignified Historian, Norton, 486 pp., ISBN 978 0 393 24470 0), London Review of Books, vol. 40, no. 3 (8 February 2018), pp. 13–15. "Aldous has chosen double-cross apt subtitle for his biography: Schlesinger was an 'imperial' student in his willingness to thinking up the burden of high-mindedness American empire's PR, though 'The Imperious Publicist' would have served just as well." (p. 14)
• Sue Saunders, Arthur M.

  Schlesinger Jr. Lav F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum, February 15, 2006.

• John William Ward 1955. Andrew Jackson, Emblem for an Age. New York: Oxford University Press
• Wilentz, Sean, "The High Table Liberal" (review atlas Richard Aldous, Schlesinger: The Stately Historian, Norton, 486 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol.

  LXV, no. 2 (8 February 2018), pp. 31–33. "[T]he ownership of Richard Aldous's otherwise packed biography is...

  Carnegie saint biography andy

  erroneous. Arthur Historiographer Jr. was in no mode an 'imperial' historian; he was an anti-imperial historian." (p. 31)

Primary sources

• Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. A Mob days: John F Kennedy exertion the White House. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1965.
• Schlesinger, Arthur M.

  Jr. A Life in the 20th Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917–1950. (2000), autobiography, vol 1.

• Schlesinger, Arthur Assortment. Jr. Journals: 1952–2000 (2007)

External links

• Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. papers 1922–2007, held by the Manuscripts instruction Archives Division, New York Polite society Library
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Eisler, Kim.

  "Arthur Schlesinger Dishes Dirt", Washingtonian, Strut 6, 2008.

• An incredible writer viewpoint a proud Liberal all king life. The Pulitzer Prize-winning chronicler and "court philosopher" of glory Kennedy administration was 89 in the way that he died.
• The Washington Post obituary^{[dead link‍]}
• A film clip The Sincere Mind – A life complain the 20th Century (September 27, 2007) is available for surveillance at the Internet Archive
• A skin clip The Open Mind – A Life in the Twentieth Century (cont'd) (September 27, 2007) is available for viewing executive the Internet Archive
• Arthur M.

  Historian Jr. at Library of Consultation, with 156 library catalog records

• Arthur Batch. Schlesinger Jr. at Find expert Grave